•How many levels of compilations happen in .NET languages? What is the first level of compilation?
•Can ASP.NET web pages be programmed in C#?
• Describe object pooling?
•What is indexer? Where is it used?
•What are multiple inheritances? And, how to implement it in C#?
•Can you explain what Common Language Runtime (CLR) is?
•Within a specific code block how can you enforce arithmetic overflow check?
•What is a shadow and an override? What is the difference between the two of them? • How do you explain Dynamic Link Library (DLL)?
•Can we use polymorphisms and inheritance in C# programming? If yes, in what way can they be used?
•What is a hashtable? How can you objects in a hashtable?
•What are BufferedStream, MemoryStream and FileStream?
•Can Stream objects be initialized?
•How will you define encapsulation? Can you give me some examples. •Which class is used to read or write data to the memory?
• What is the difference between a client code and server code?
•In C # programming is it possible to add 'unmanaged code' that may not be necessarily CLS compliant?
•In C#, is it possible to inherit multiple interface?
• Explain Just In Time Compiler? What does JIT compiler do?
•How are parent classes referred in C#?
•How would you explain serialization? What are the advantages of serialization?
•Define abstraction?
•What is a shared assembly?
•How can you explain private assembly?
•Can pointers be used in C #?
•How can you explain XML schema?
•Can you explain what is method definition?
•Define Intermediate Language (IL). What has a similar concept to IL?
•What is a Thread? Can you describe the uses of thread in C# programming?
•How do we create and manage files in C#?
•Are 'object' and 'string', predefined reference types in C#?
•What is the method used to start a thread?
• How do we generate XML documents in C# programs?
•Give reasons why assemblies can't be loaded side by side.
•How can we load assembly in a running process?
•Explain what is multi level hierarchy?
• What happens if the XML comments are not well formed?
•What are constructors? How many types of constructors does C# support?
•Can constructors be static?
•What does "death of diamond" mean?
•How to use arraylist in C#? Can you provide us with examples?
graphics is the main difference
extra more command are in linux
userfriendly then unix
the unix is the platform dependent the linux is platform
independent. we cann't install unix in all machine we
recquired a special machine to install unix, but linux is
not like that it support all machines
filesystem are different
there diff lies in kernel
linux is under gpl and unix proprietary
Difference Between Linux and Unix
1)Linux default shell is /bin/bash, where Unix default shell
is /bin/sh (other shell also supported)
2) Linux Store all their command history,but if the default
shell is /bin/sh in Unix, then Unix not store Command history.
3) Linux support Tab key, but unix not support Tab key
16. Explain the difference between do:, collect:, reject:, select:,
detect:, and (for bonus points) inject:into:.
17. Name some of Smalltalk's shortcomings.
18. What is the fundamental difference between an Array and an OrderedCollection?
More Questions
19. What are true and false?
20. What is nil?
21. Without using any temporary variables, construct a method that sums
the values of a collection of numbers.
22. Compare and contrast #deepCopy and #shallowCopy.
23. What is the result of evaluating the following method, and why?
| oc copy |
oc := OrderedCollection with: ' bc' copy with: ' bc' copy.
copy := oc copy.
1 to: oc size do: [:index | (oc at: index) at: 1 put: $a ].
^copy first
24. Which class implements the class method #new?
25. How do you customize the contents of what is displayed in an
inspector?
26. What is the purpose of the instance method #hash?
27. What do the following terms mean? Abstract class, Overloading,
Primitives, and State.
28. What is the reply of the following code fragment?
^OrderedCollection new add: #red add: #blue
29. What would be a better way to implement the following:
| customerAction policyAction |
customerAction := [ ... code fragment ... ].
policyAction := [ ... another code fragment ... ].
(self modelObject class = customer)
ifTrue: [ customerAction value ]
ifFalse: [ policyAction value ]
30. What is meant by the term 'lazy initialization'?
31. How can you display (write) information to the Transcript?
32. List and describe the different message formats supported by
Smalltalk and state their order of precedence.
33. What is a VisualAge database access set?
34. What does abt stand for?
35. What is the difference between a Dictionary and an IdentityDictionary?
36. What is a message file (VisualAge)?
37. What does the term 'vote' refer to in the VisualAge drag&drop
framework?
38. What roles do adaptors play in the VisualAge drag&drop framework?
39. What is the purpose of the PlatformFunction class (IBM Smalltalk)?
40. What is the purpose of the Signal class?
41. What is the purpose of the Delay class?
42. How do you change the system pointer (i.e. to an hourglass)(VisualAge)?
43. What is the answer of the following code? ^5 + 3; + 7
44. What does the term localization refer to?
45. Who can purge and salvage classes and applications (ENVY)?
46. Which messages can be sent to cause specific methods and classes to
be included in a package(IBM Smalltalk)?
47. How do you remove the VisualAge splash screen?
48. What is the purpose of the method #finalInitialize (VisualAge)?
49. What is the POM Repository (IBM Smalltalk - Sparky persistence)?
50. What do the terms manage, map, and realize mean in the IBM Smalltalk
view framework?
51. How can you change the system menu in VisualAge?
52. How can you read an environment variable (VisualAge) like 'Path'?
53. Why can't you unload a SortedCollectio using the ObjectDumper (IBM Smalltalk)?
54. What is the purpose of #become:?
1. What was the original assignment operator in Smalltalk-80?
2. What does the #at: method of a collection class return?
3. What does the #at:put: method of a collection class return?
4. What is a "first class object"?
5. Tell me about block variables, arguments, and scope of variables.
6. Explain smalltalk mathematical notation, including order of operations and
the reasons.
7. Why can't you do recursion in Smalltalk?
8. What is the difference between an instance variable, a class variable, and
a class instance variable?
9. Describe indexed instance variables vs. named instance variables.
10. How do you access indexed instance variables?
11. What is a meta-class, and what objects are instances of meta class?
12. What is an abstract class? Can you name an example in Smalltalk?
13. How does Smalltalk support multi-tasking?
14. Name some examples of how Smalltalk is oriented toward single users?
How can these problems be approached or overcome?
15. Suppose you were offered the choice of two tasks with the same tight deadline:
(1) Write a Smalltalk to C++ cross compiler
(2) Write a C++ to Smalltalk cross compiler.
Which task would you choose and why?
16. Name some of Smalltalk's shortcomings.
17. What is the value of n after the following code is executed?
| n |
n := Dictionary new.
n at: #one put: 1.
Evalutate the coding style of the above Smalltalk code.
18. In which of the following languages can the programmer know the type of
data a variable will refer to at runtime:
C, C++, Smalltalk
19. Which of the following phrases could be applied to Smalltalk?
untyped, statically typed, dynamically typed, strongly typed, weakly typed
20. What is meant by the word "binding" with respect to data elements?
21. Most people would agree that it is inherently easier to implement a
Dictionary class in Smalltalk than in C/C++. Any reasonable C++
implementation would also be trickier to use. Why?
I have given to you only a small taste of Smalltalk. The true power of this language is under this surface, under the deep water of Object Oriented Programming.
Design Patterns and Smalltalk
About Design Patterns, a good text can be [AlpBroWoo98] Here you get a comparison of Design Patterns of the [GoF95] With this two books you can compare C++ and Smalltalk, looking how the two languages implements the same patterns.
Future of Squeak
Looking at Squeak 3.0 we see a powerful ide, for experimenting, developing and not only... it is a very fun environment! The Jitter Engine will give to Squeak a powerful VM, faster and free.
The complete list is not-so-short.
I can give you a rouge idea:
Visual Works 5i, before was of the ObjectShare http://www.objectshare.com now is sell by Cincom http://www.cincom.com It is a big Smalltalk with a large library and a lot of library code. Best, it executes code with a powerful JIT (Just In Time Compiler). It is probably the fastest Smalltalk on the market, in my own opinion.
Squeak http://www.squeak.org/. Created by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, John Maloney and many others authors of first Smalltalk80. Squeak has multimedia support, a fantastic community, and a large base of software. See [IngKaeMal]
Smalltalk MT
Smalltalk/X is very powerful, and it is a viable solution for developing under X11. The last license seems free also for commercial usage. Take a look to it.
Dolphin Smalltalk http://www.objects-arts.com/ is a very simple Smalltalk for MS-Windows, but it has good tutorials.
Visual Age for Smalltalk http://www.ibm.com It is a professional products, very easy to use thank to the Visual Age Ide. Last but not least, the Visual Age for Java's IDE is written in Smalltalk too!
Some of this products (as VisualWorks and Visual Age) are very big and multi platform, other are very very small and cheap (like Dolphin) so you can choose your preferred commercial product without worrying about it. If you like, try them in this order: Squeak, VisualWorks, SmalltalkX and VisualAge. You can get trial version of the latest 3 products (I have my preferred environments, but I will not say them here...email me :-)
What are the point of contact of Smalltalk and other languages such as C and Java? Smalltalk is executed using a Virtual Machine (VM) as Java. The VM has a very complex Garbage Collector (GC) very similar to the HotSpot. And the Smalltalk code is stored in a byte-code form. But Smalltalk holds all the code in only one file (the image) and store in it all the state of the system (working Threads and so on). The image is coded in a binary-independent format (as java .class files) and can be ported across different platform. For instance, Squeak can run on Macintosh, Unix, OS/2, Ms-Dos, Windows 9x/NT/2000, and Windows CE. Even, it is easy to port the VM to other platform, because is coded in C language.
The Entire IDE, and the GUI are written in Smalltalk, mostly using the MVC (Model View Controller) design model.
Even the Java Swing uses a MVC-like model. Squeak has even a best and powerful GUI, called Morph. See the figure Morph.
The Smalltalk IDE uses reflection for exploring itself in a very massive way. For example, writing a Proxy object is trivial!!
Every class should have a comment: like in the Javadoc, you can integrate the documentation in the code! Squeak can create even hyper-link between two line of code or two comments!
About namespace: before the 1999, the concept of name-space wasn't implemented in the commercial versions of Smalltalk. For instance, in Squeak all the global objects are stored in a object called Smalltalk. VisualWorks 5 provide namespaces, and Squeak has a similar way for isolate projects code.
The Gui, the Network and the Sound.
Exploring the big Squeak library is impossibile in this small tutorial, because of its size. But I'd like to show you only a small idea of some of the applications you can use:
Morphic: not only boring widgets!
With Squeak, and in less of 7Mb of image, you get a Email reader (Celeste), a Flash reader, a small Web browser (Scamper) a dynamic web server (PWS) and a special 3D library (3DBalloon) integrated with the Alice Authoring Tool http://www.alice.org. And even for music, you can play midi, digitalize sound and so on!
Note: The base Java 1.3 library is about 12Megabytes (uncompressed) without an ide or sound support!
The reason is simple: the .class format need to explicit say to the Java-VM what other classes it needs, for dynamic link. This is add a lot of redundancy. For instance, if you compress the rt.jar file, you get 4.3 Megabytes (ratio 65.6%). If we try to gzip the Squeak image, we got 3.10Mb (ratio 53.7%). So the Smalltalk image has less redundancy!
When you program in Java, you use types. You use int-s, floats, classes and so on.
We have seen a Class can be a nice place to put a struct. In Java, you often need to do a cast from a type to another. This is very common, and no one has trouble. In Smalltalk, the Virtual Machine only understands objects. If we execute 1+2 the VM of Smalltalk search the method + in the object 1, instance of the Number class. If Smalltalk do not found the method, will throw a Exception at Runtime
Exceptions are defined in ANSI Smalltalk. Some Smalltalk implementation may not have Exception, but can raise Errors.
The language-designers say type are userful, because the compiler can produce efficient code if it knows the type we are using (the sum of an two numbers is fast if they are integer and not float!).
Someone thinks type are userful to human-programmers, but in my own opinion, after two years of Smalltalk programming, it is not-so-true.
So, let's start to see how to program without type (and without casts...or other magic powers...)
This is a small overview of the base library of the Squeak 2.8.
First of all, suppose you have a unordered collection, and you want to eliminate duplicates. Doing this in Java is boring, in Smalltalk is quite easy:
The large base library of Smalltalk can manage in this way complex data structures.
If you want collect items, try this:
|c s|
c:=OrderedCollection new.
c add: 1 ; add: 1.
c add: 2; add:3; add:4.
s := c select: [:i| i <=2 ]. "[*] Collect items < 2"
Transcript cr; show: (s asString) ; cr.
Obtaining:
OrderedCollection (1 1 2 )
First, we create a collection with five elements (1,1,2,3,4). Then the collecion c is filtered to just the elements less than two (in line [*]). The Collection classes implements also a reject: message, which is the logial inverse of select:.
As you see, all in Smalltalk is written in Smalltalk! Not only the Smalltalk compiler is written in Smalltalk, but even the database holding the classes in the System is written in that language. A special dictionary, called Smalltalk, is a good starting point. Inspect it with:
Smalltalk inspect.
The Smalltalk Dictionary contains a reference to ALL the class on the system. If you want know how much classes the system has simply print:
Smalltalk size.
I have got 1193 classes on my Squeak 2.8 You can ask to the classes about their life and structure! Try for example:
We ask if the class of Smalltalk (SystemDictionary) is a subclass (inheritsFrom...) of the class Object, and we get true as answer.
Now open a browser with:
OrderedCollection browse
and click on the '?' button for getting the comment of the class. I suggest you to explore these clases: String, OrderedCollection, SortedCollection, Dictionary, Set. The Number class is also good for understanding how Smalltalk works with numbers.
Metaclass structure
There is also a dictionary for undeclared elements:
Undeclared inspect.
The Behavior class is used for describing the objects. The Hierarchy is like this
In Smalltalk, Classes and instances are objects, and share some common properties. This is not true in Java, because static methods cannot have all these properties. The 'class' method give us the class of an object; and also classes can resppond to 'class' method. But...wait a moment, what is the class of Class? It is Metaclass:
Metaclass:
Metaclass instances add instance-specific behavior to various class-describing objects in the system. This typically includes messages for initializing class variables and instance creation messages particular to a class. There is only one instance of a particular Metaclass, namely the class which is being described. A Metaclass shares the class variables of its instance.
Look at this table:
#| Expression -> Output
------------------------------------------------
1 | (Object new) class -> Object
2 | Object class -> Object class
3 | Object class class -> Metaclass
4 | Object class class class -> Metaclass class
5 | Object class class class class -> Metaclass
5'| Metaclass class class -> Metaclass
Note: 5 and 5' are the same.
The trick is in the 5th expression. We should define MetaMetaclass for the 5th output. For avoiding this infinite recursion, Smalltalk overlap 'Metaclass' and 'Metaclass class'.
[Subtle] In general, the superclass hierarchy for metaclasses parallels that for classes. Thus,
Integer superclass == Number, and
Integer class superclass == Number class.
However there is a singularity at Object. Here the class hierarchy terminates,
but the metaclass hierarchy must wrap around to Class, since ALL metaclasses
are subclasses of Class. Thus,
Object superclass == nil, and
Object class superclass == Class.
Smalltalk only supports single-inheritance, as Java. Java uses the interfaces for implementing a less strong interface inheritance. In respect of C++, interfaces can be thinked as pure abstract classes.
In Smalltalk you do not really need multiple-inheritance: you can share a set of protocols between classes. You can think protocols as set of methods. This give you a very powerful freedom: you can reuse code with similar meaning! Best, doing refactoring and improving code is simpler. In Java, if you want to add a method to an interface, you must implement it in all the implementing classes. In Smalltalk, you can do a smart thing: you can build a default implementation in a superclass (for instance Object) and reimplement only where it is really needed! Even if the code is not valid for every Object, it will work if correctly needed. Smalltalk will not stop you: if you know what you are doing, you will get maximum power.
But be careful: this freedom can produce very ugly code, so you must follow good programming pratice. The lack of interfaces and namespaces has been fixed in VisualWorks (see References). Squeak will provide a similar function in the future.
Smalltalk introduces three big concept in the 1980:
The concept of GUI as we know now and the concept of IDE, an Integrated Development Environment with a integrated Code Manager and Database.
The concept of class/object and so on. Best, Smalltalk it is a pure Object Oriented language, so all the GUI, the IDE and the tools used for editing the code are written in Smalltalk
Even the bytecode compiler, which translate our code in bytecodes is written in Smalltalk!
Is the first pure dynamic language.
It is funny to use!
Alan Kay wanted a language for ordinary people and he gets it. Smalltalk uses only 2-3 concept, is easy to use and understand, and incredible powerful. Smalltalk can be used and understood by children. This has the well-known cost: the speed is not so high, but RISC chip have solved this problem: for example, Squeak is used for multimedia application and it is quite fast.
For teaching, we must have a free Smalltalk to start with.
We have a wide choice, but I suggest to you Squeak (you can find it in Squeak main site) because it have a good large library, it is free and you can get it for Unix-X11, Ms-Windows, Mac, or your preferred PDA (!).
After you have downloaded your zip (or tar or other archive type) expand it in a directory (for instance called Squeak).
A Smalltalk implementation is composed of an image (binary code), a major source file, a second "changes" file. The image is called Virtual Image (VI) because is independent form the platform you use for running Smalltalk.
In Figure1 you can see a taste of Smalltalk. The green window is a Browser, the yellow window is a workspace, and finally you see an Inspector titled "SmallInteger: 3". As you see, every window with a different purpose has a different color.
Figure 1, A taste of Smalltalk
The Browser is your best friend, and it is used for exploring the class stored in Smalltalk. In the leftmost panel, you see list of Categories. used for grouping the classes. Then you see a list of classes (Object is selected) of the selected category. Then you see a list of protocols, used for grouping methods (the protocol for printing is selected). Finally we have selected the printOn: method we see in the panel below.
The Workspace is a window where you can type what do you like and then ask Smalltalk to execute it. In Figure2, you see the menu you can pop-up pressing the middle button of the mouse. Note: The exact mouse button can change depending of your environment (for example on Mac you have only one button...). Refer to the Squeak documentation for more information,
Figure 2, The Workspace
What do you can do with this menu?
You can execute the code with do-it
You can inspect the result using inspect-it
Then you can print it, with print-it
In the following examples, I suggest you to print the results or inspect them.
We now will write our first Smalltalk code!! Open a Transcript and a Workspace, using the main menu: click in a empty area of the screen, then select the sub menu "open..." as in Figure 3.
Figure 3, The First Example
Please type in a workspace:
Now open the menu of the workspace and select do-it or press cmd-d
Note: The cmd key changes in respect of your O.S. and environment. If you are using windows or linux use alt-d. If you are using an Apple Machintosh, use Apple-d. We will refer to this key as cmd, as the Meta key on emacs.
What does this code? It simply prints a carriage return, the string "Hello World" and another carriage return.
Please observe these small things:
In Smalltalk, all strings are enclosed in single quote as in 'Hello World'
A double quote is used for comments: "This is a nice comment"
The point . is used as a statement separator.
The ; (semicolon) character has a special meaning, as we see beyond.
Okay, this look like when you go from Pascal to C, with all this oddities...but do not worry!
Now we will analyze our small "program" in Smalltalk in every line:
Transcript is an object used to reference to the Transcript window. For the moment, I will trust to your intuitive notion of Object.
cr is a message directed to the Transcript. You are just talking to the Transcript saying it a very small thing: "please print a carriage return"
show:'Hello World' is a parameterized message where you pass to the Transcript what actually you want print!! Even if some concept are obscured, the simplicity of the language should be sufficient to understand it.
Now we will see a small thing you cannot do in Java or C with the standard library. Type in & evaluate:
2 raisedTo:128
we will obtain the right number:
340282366920938463463374607431768211456
Another small example is:
3 raisedTo: 32 => 1853020188851841
These numbers are LargePositiveIntegers objects, and the class comment says to use:
I represent positive integers of more than 30 bits (ie, >= 1073741824). These values are beyond the range of SmallInteger, and are encoded here as an array of 8-bit digits. [...]
So we can play with very big integers without problems!
In fact, in Smalltalk is quite easy to build dynamic and not-limited structure. For example, imagine you want build a small collection of three strings; you can do it with:
You will use often OrderedCollection objects, instead of fixed Arrays. It is so easy to use dynamic structure, because the language provide a garbage collector and an easy framework for accessing to them, as we see in the next paragraph. The semicolon ';' i used for separating more messages sent to the same object. For instance, the first Transcript example can be re-written as:
Transcript cr; show:'Hello World'; cr.
Let's see another example:
Java Version:
Foo f;
// A comment
f = new Foo("AString");
Smalltalk Version:
|f|
"A comment"
f := Foo new: 'AString';
We declare temp variables in vertical bars, without inserting the type of the object. Smalltalk is dynamically typed: you do not need to know the type of your object before you use it! The assign operator in Smalltalk con be written in ':=' or, under Squeak, using the special char <-. Under Squeak this char is typed using the "_" character.
The Smalltalk expressions are generally in the form "object message". They are evaluated from left to right!
For example, the Java expression:
int i;
i=1+5*6;
will became:
|i|
i := 1+(5*6).
Smalltalk will reduce this expression in this way:
1+ (5*6) => 1+30 => 31
If we write
1+5*6
we get:
1+5*6 => 6*6=>36
This seems a bit strange, but this evaluation are done in the same way for every expression. What about method with more than one parameter?
Look at this: Java Version:
In this example we send the special method to:do: to the object 1. This means: 'Tell to 1 to go until 10 doing at every loop the code block I give you'. Simple, isn't it? The "code block" is enclosed in '[....]'. The to:do: sends a object (called i) in the block. It is a simple way of passing arguments. So, it is simple to do something like:
if(x>0) {
x = x+1;
}else {
x=0;
}
Will become:
(x>0) ifTrue:[ x:=x+1. ] ifFalse:[ x:=0 ].
We send to the result of the evaluation of '(x>0)' the message ifTrue:ifFalse.
You can have block without parameters, for example:
This paper will teach you the basics of Smalltalk80 language. This tutorial suites the needs of C and Java programmers. But the tutorial can be understanded by everyone knowing a bit of C and/or OOP concepts, as we'll see. Because I will refer a lot to other books and use a lot of technical terms, I'll try to enjoy you while reading.
Finally, this is a tutorial, not a reference manual: I cannot say to you "Jump over this chapter is you are not interested" because all the chapters are equally important in this sequence.
This is the Version 1.1, Date: Jan 2002 with minor fix and an explanation of the metaclass concept.
Version 1.0 Date: February 2001 First Version for Squeak 2.8
Native Format: Sgml
If you have any suggestions, corrections, or comments, please send them to me, and I will incorporate them in the next revision of this document. I expect to do the next mayor revision of this document near April 2002, but a small revision will be done near the Feb 2002 for adding a MVC section.
You can reach me using one of these email addresses: gio@objectsroot.com, daitangio@tiscali.it
I thank a lot Stephen T. Pope (stp@create.ucsb.edu) for including this document in the Squeak cd-rom and for his supervision. I thank also my friends for reading this document before its final revision: Cristian Ghezzi, Daniele Bufarini, Marco Lamberto.
About the Author
Giovanni Giorgi is born in 1974 and is tall 1.80 meters, with black hair and brown eyes He got a Master Thesis at Dep. of Comp. Sci. (DSI) of Milan, on 23th Feb 2000, with a Thesis on Design Patterns and UML. He works with Java, likes Smalltalk and loves cats. Preferred Film: Blade Runner by Ridley Scott, The tiger and the Dragon.
This small paper has been written using the SGML-Tool (see http://pobox.com/~cg/sgmltools) of the linux-doc project. The arrow of the html version and all the screen-shots has been done using the GIMP http://www.gimp.org. I have changed Html2Html.pm module to fit my needs.
The valuable editor is Emacs 20.6.1 and the O.S. is linux
I thank a lot the GNU projects for their efforts. For medium limitations, the best version is the html version. The Postscript version is a nice printed version, but for images see the images directory!
The text version is the final, desperate solution for who wants to read it in a palm computer with no-so-much-ram :-)
Typographical conventions
We will use this text for code you must type in your Smalltalk implementation and try it.
Smalltalk versions
This tutorial is for Squeak, but you can adapt a lots of concepts to other Smalltalks. For instance, VisualAge for Smalltalk and VisualWorks should work with most of this examples.
This document has been written by Giovanni Giorgi (called the "Author" from this point).
You can copy/distribute this document providing that:
You do not alter or modify the document in any part
You do not ask money for it, excluding for the distribution.
The Author do not provide ANY WARRANTY for the content of this document, for errors or omissions and so on. There is NO WARRANTY even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
This small paper is addressed to the very good Java/C programmers out of there, who wants to enter in the Object Oriented World in a fast, easy and fun way. Watching the growing Java world we can say a thing: become a Java programmer can be not so difficult. But becoming a good Java programmer in a short time is not easy!!
Smalltalk is a old programming language, born before Java, C/C++. Smalltalk has a good base library (first attempt to build it was done before 1980!) and a very productive engine.
If you use Java in your work-of-every-day, you can run Smalltalk without loosing speed or efficency (and probably you can get a good improvements with a commercial Smalltalk version!).
Why Smalltalk is not so used? The reason was the high cost of Smalltalk in the '80 years and until the 1995. Worst, the fastest Intel-PC in the 1990 was too slow for using Smalltalk (or Java or Lisp) in the all-day work.
If you feel C/Java language is nice, but you want a way for increase your productivity without looking for bugged code every day, Smalltalk can give you a solution. C++ is not often a solution because a good C programmers continue to use is as an "enhanced C" without using the full power of the OOP. C++ is for efficency: but efficency can lead to bad Object Oriented code, because you do NOT tend to isolate the classes as they should be.
I used Java, C and C++, then I discovered Smalltalk. It seems incredible, but you can do a lot of thing with Smalltalk: you can find the bug very quickly and enjoy a lot!!
In the last five years you can download free version of Smalltalk, which are quite powerful and fast, and you can buy a professional Smalltalk at a reasonable price.
This because the competition of Java has lowered the costs of the implementations.
Best, you can find the same Smalltalk implementation under Unix, MS-Windows and Mac, so it is widespread as the Java/C languages.
So, why not invest a bit of our time to learn a dynamic, powerful and fun language?
Okay, now we will start talking about what you should know for understand this small paper:
You must know Java: you must not be a wizard, but you must know all the Java reserved words, data types, and so on. You can ignore how to do fantastic tricks as Enterprise Java Beans (but you know what is a Bean, right?!)
You should be a bit familiar with Object Oriented concept like class, inheritance and so on. If you are not do not worry, but you should have a vague idea of the meaning of this words, because I am not going to do a course on O.O.P. in a strict sense. As we'll see Smalltalk is the first Object Oriented language that induce the concept of Object and inheritance as we know it now. But Smalltalk has some lacks (no a strong information-hiding concept, no protection, no static behavior).
You should know how to start a Smalltalk image, execute some code.
You should have a little of time to invest, and an open mind....
It took me 3 days to submit my first application on Appstore, its not very complicated but you have to follow many steps to do it right. So today one of my friend requested me to write down the steps for him.
I assume that you have iPhone Developer License. Please follow the following steps, one by one:
Step 1:
Certificate is very important part for submitting or testing your application on iPhone. It has the code-sign(Signatures) which will be checked when you submit your application on apple store or to test it on your iPhone. (You can bypass those to install application on your jail-break iPhone or to submit it to Cydia but you will not be able to submit it to appstore. Check my previous post to bypass code signature).There are two steps to create a certificate from developer portal. I simply copied those two from “iPhone developer portal”
Generating a Certificate Signing Request
Submitting a Certificate Signing Request for Approval
Generating a Certificate Signing Request
In your Applications folder, open the Utilities folder and launch Keychain Access.
In the Preferences menu, set Online Certificate Status Protocol (OSCP) and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) to “Off”.
Choose Keychain Access -> Certificate Assistant -> Request a Certificate from a Certificate Authority.
In the User Email Address field, enter your email address. Please ensure that the email address entered matches the information that was submitted when you registered as an iPhone Developer.
In the Common Name field enter your name. Please ensure that the name entered matches the information that was submitted when you registered as an iPhone Developer.
No CA (Certificate Authority) Email Address is required. The ‘Required’ message will be removed after completing the following step.
Select the ‘Saved to Disk’ radio button and if prompted, select ‘Let me specify key pair information’ and click ‘Continue’.
If ‘Let me specify key pair’ was selected, specify a file name and click ‘Save’. In the following screen select ‘2048 bits’ for the Key Size and ‘RSA’ for the Algorithm. Click ‘Continue’.
The Certificate Assistant will create a CSR file on your desktop.
Submitting a Certificate Signing Request for Approval
After creating a CSR, log in to the iPhone Developer Program Portal and navigate to ‘Certificates’ > ‘Development’ and click ‘Add Certificate’.
Click the ‘Choose file’ button, select your CSR and click ‘Submit’. If the Key Size was not set to 2048 bits during the CSR creation process, the Portal will reject the CSR.
Upon submission, Team Admins will be notified via email of the certificate request.
Once your CSR is approved or rejected by a Team Admin, you will be notified via email of the change in your certificate status.
Download/Installing Certificate on your machine
Upon CSR approval, Team Members and Team Admins can download their certificates via the ‘Certificates’ section of the Program Portal. Click ‘Download’ next to the certificate name to download your iPhone Development Certificate to your local machine.
On your local machine, double-click the downloaded .cer file to launch Keychain Access and install your certificate.
Certificate is installed on your MAC now the next step is create a App ID. (Note:You have to follow this step only once and later you don’t have to make certificates for your other applications.)
Step 2:
Creating an App Id is very easy, you have to follow few simple steps:
Log in to the iPhone Developer Program Portal and navigate to ‘App IDs’ and click ‘Add Id’.
In “App Id Name” enter the name of your application (i.e iphoneapp) and in “App Id” enter something like com.yourdomain.applicationame (i.e com.adeem.iphoneapp) and clicked on Submit
Please write done the “App Id” because you will used this in Info.plist, Bundle identifier tag
Step 3:
Now the next step is to create a Provisioning File for your Xcode and this will be your last step for creating binary which you submit it to appstore.
In to the iPhone Developer Program Portal and navigate to ‘Provisioning’ > ‘Distribution’ and click ‘Add Profile’.
Now select “App Store” in “Distribution Method”
In “Profile Name” type your application name (i.e iphoneapp) which will be your provisioning profile name as well.
In “App ID” select the app name (i.e iphoneapp) which you created in Step 2
Download the Provisioning profile and copy it to your /YourUserName/Library/MobileDevice/Provisioning Profile
Step 4:
Now everything is step up, open your project in Xcode
Select your project from “Group & File” in left side bar and click on “i” ( info ) button.
Move to “Configuration” tab and select “Release”. Press the “Duplicate” button from bottom, name is “iphoneDistribution”.
Click on “Build” tab and select “iphoneDistribution” and type in “Search in Build Settings” filed ‘Base SDK’ and select the current selected Device and change it to what device your application is targetting ( I prefer “Device – iPhone OS 2.0)
Now in “Search in build setting” field type “code signing identity” and select the provisioning profile you created in Step 3. Also do the same thing for the child property “Any iPhone OS Device”.
Now Close the Info screen and select the “Target” > “YourApp” from “Group & File” in left side bar and clicked on “Info” button again from Xcode.
Repeat the step 3 and 4 again for safe side.
Now Info screen is still open clicked on “Properties” tab and in Identifier field type the “App Id” (i.e com.adeem.iphoneapp)
Everything is set up, click on “Build”(cmd+B) from Xcode>Build
Now right click on “Product”>”YourApp” and select “Reveal in Finder”. This is your binary file so please zip this file.
Step 5:
Now you are done from Xcode and iPhone Developer Protal. Now you will submit this binary to itunesconnect.
In your browser type https://itunesconnect.apple.com/ (this website is very slow over https) and login using your iphone developer account.
Click on “Manage Your Account” > “Add Application”
Now answer simple question from apple and submit your application to appstore. Few thing you should have before you submit your application there in System/Mind:
Application Name ( must be uniqe)
Application description
Application Category
URL for your application feedback
Icon of your application in 512×512 size
Main picture of your application in 320×480 or 320×460 size. (Optionaly you can submit up to 4 more pictures of your application as well)
That’s all you need to do (Please post anything in comments that I missed and I will update the post) Not very long but it might take 2-3 hours!
Please feel free to ask any questions or problem you face during submitting your application to Apple Store.
(Please post anything in comments that I missed and I will update the post) Not very long but it might take 2-3 hours!